What the Rebuilt Thing Remembers

A discussion between Emily Brontë and Mary Shelley


We met on the moors. I had suggested a parlor, a library, any room with four walls and a fire, but Emily had refused with the particular silence that meant she considered the suggestion beneath refusal. Mary had agreed to the moors out of curiosity. She wrapped her shawl twice around her shoulders and said she wanted to see the landscape that had produced Heathcliff, the way a surgeon might want to see the country that produces a certain strain of fever.

The wind was constant. Not gusting — constant, the way water is constant in a river. It moved the heather in long waves that broke against the exposed rock and reformed on the other side. Emily walked ahead of us without looking back, her boots finding the path by memory or by something older than memory. Mary kept pace with me, her breath short in the cold, and I could feel her composing something — not sentences, not yet, but the preliminary architecture of objection.

“She thinks landscape is character,” Mary said, low enough that the wind should have taken it. “The moors are not a setting for her. They are an argument.”

“About what?”

“About what survives. She believes passion outlasts the body. That the land holds it. That Heathcliff does not haunt Wuthering Heights because his spirit persists but because the moors themselves are saturated with what he felt, and the saturation is permanent, and any person walking here will feel it whether they know his name or not.”

“And you disagree.”

“I disagree that anything survives without a mechanism. Nothing persists by force of feeling alone. If something continues after death — if a voice speaks, if a hand knocks at a window — there is a cause. A made cause. Something constructed, assembled, willed into being. The universe does not grant immortality to passion. It grants immortality to nothing. What endures is what someone builds.”

Emily had stopped at a ridge where the ground fell away to a valley that held, in its lowest point, a farmhouse with no smoke from its chimney. She was waiting for us. Not impatiently — she was looking at the valley with an expression I could not read, and when we reached her she did not turn.

“There,” she said, and pointed to the farmhouse. “Your naturalist arrives there. That is where he takes his lodgings. He is sent by the Royal Society or some other body of men who believe the natural world can be catalogued. He has heard reports of a figure on the moors. He thinks it is a case of folklore — a local superstition, a trick of light and loneliness.”

“A naturalist is the wrong investigator,” Mary said. “A naturalist observes and classifies. He pins specimens to boards. He does not have the vocabulary for what he will find.”

“That is precisely why he is right. The vocabulary for what he will find does not exist. A clergyman would reach for sin. A physician would reach for pathology. A naturalist will reach for species, for taxonomy, and the reaching will fail, and the failure is the story.”

Mary considered this. The wind pulled at her shawl and she held it with both hands, the gesture giving her the appearance of someone braced against more than weather. “I will grant you the naturalist. But I want to know who made the thing he finds.”

“No one made it. It grew.”

“Nothing grows in the shape of a woman, Emily. Nothing assembles itself from heather and peat and speaks in a human voice unless someone assembled it. Unless there are hands behind it. That is my principle and I will not surrender it for atmosphere.”

“Your principle. The creature in your novel was assembled from corpses and galvanism and the ambition of a man who could not bear to let death be final. That is one kind of making. There are others.”

“Name one.”

Emily turned from the valley. Her face was wind-raw and her eyes were the color of the sky, which was the color of wet slate. “Grief. Grief that will not be contained by the body that carries it. A woman dies — Annabel, let us call her Annabel — and she is buried in the churchyard, and the headstone is cut, and the earth is patted down, and the husband is expected to mourn for a decent interval and then get on with the business of living. But the grief does not observe the interval. The grief expands. It saturates the ground. It gets into the heather. It gets into the walls of the farmhouse. And over thirty years, the land itself produces what the grief demands — a figure, a shape, something that walks in the fog and has Annabel’s voice, because the land has been listening to that voice for three decades in the husband’s dreams and in his waking hours and in the way he says her name to the dog when he thinks no one can hear.”

Mary shook her head. Not in disagreement — in something closer to recognition. “You are describing my novel. You are describing Victor Frankenstein. A man whose grief — whose guilt, whose inability to accept what he has done and what has been lost — produces a creature. But you have removed the laboratory. You have removed the voltaic pile and the charnel house and the stitching. You have made the making invisible.”

“I have made the making honest. Victor’s laboratory is a lie he tells himself. He pretends the creature is a product of science because science has instruments and method and the illusion of control. But the creature is a product of obsession. The laboratory is set dressing. The real generative force is the same one that produces Heathcliff’s ghost at the window: a refusal to let go so absolute that it reshapes the world.”

I sat on a rock. It was damp and cold and the heather around it was ankle-high. I pulled out my notebook and the wind immediately tried to take the pages. I held them down with my palm.

“The naturalist,” I said. “He arrives in the valley. He hears the reports. A woman’s voice on the moors at night. A figure seen by shepherds in the fog. He assumes superstition. But he begins to collect evidence. Soil samples. Acoustic data. He maps the sightings. He is methodical. He is scientific. And what he discovers does not fit any category he possesses.”

“Because it is not a ghost,” Emily said.

“And it is not a trick of the landscape,” Mary said.

“It is a body,” I said. “A real body. Flesh and bone and tissue. Something that walks and breathes and speaks. But not a body that was born. A body that was — accumulated. Grown. Built. He finds peat fibers woven into the musculature. Heather roots threaded through the rib cage. The figure is not haunting the moors. The moors are producing the figure.”

Emily sat beside me on the rock. I was startled by the proximity — she had maintained distance all morning, as though closeness were a dialect she mistrusted. “Yes. But you must understand what the figure is. It is not a monster. It is not Frankenstein’s creature, large and terrible and demanding. It is a woman. It looks like a woman. It has the face and the voice and the gait of Annabel, dead thirty years, and it remembers everything she remembered. It remembers the husband’s hands. It remembers the color of the curtains in the bedroom. It remembers the argument they had three days before she died, the one about the dog, the stupid argument that was really about money and really about fear, and it remembers that she was wrong in that argument and he was right and she never told him so.”

“The creature in my novel demands a companion,” Mary said. She had not sat. She stood above us, the wind wrapping her shawl around her body like a binding. “He demands it because loneliness is unbearable when you are the only one of your kind. Your figure — Annabel, the rebuilt Annabel — she does not need to demand a companion. She already has one. The husband.”

“But the husband is old. The husband is dying. And the rebuilt thing is young — as young as Annabel was when she died.”

“So it watches him die.”

“It watches him die a second time. It came back for him — or the moors brought it back for him, or grief brought it back through the moors, however we decide to describe the mechanism — and by the time it arrives, he is already leaving. The rebuilt thing gets perhaps a year. Perhaps two. It stands outside the farmhouse window and watches him eat his supper alone, and it cannot go in because it does not know what it is. It has her memories but not her certainty. Annabel would have opened the door. The rebuilt thing presses its hand against the glass.”

“The ghost at the window,” I said. “Cathy. Lockwood’s dream. ‘Let me in — let me in.’”

Emily looked at me as though I had said something both obvious and necessary. “The ghost at the window is the central image of my novel because it is the central image of love. Love is always outside. Love is always pressing against the glass. The moment you let it in, it becomes something else — domesticity, habit, the slow cooling of what was once desperate. Cathy’s ghost is love in its purest form: permanent, excluded, unbearable.”

“And you want your rebuilt Annabel to be that. Permanent. Excluded.”

“I want the naturalist to find her at the window. I want his methodical, taxonomic, specimen-pinning mind to encounter a woman made of peat and heather and thirty years of grief, standing at a farmhouse window with her hand against the glass, and I want him to understand that he cannot classify what he is seeing because what he is seeing is not a specimen. It is a claim. The rebuilt thing is not asking to be studied. It is asking to be let in.”

Mary began to pace. The ground was uneven and her pacing had none of the metronomic quality it would have had on a flat surface — she stumbled, caught herself, continued, and the stumbling seemed to agitate her thinking rather than interrupt it. “You are making love into a natural force. A geological process. Grief deposits itself in the landscape like calcium in a cave, and over sufficient time it produces a stalactite in the shape of the beloved. This is beautiful and it is wrong.”

“Why wrong?”

“Because it removes responsibility. Victor Frankenstein is monstrous precisely because he chose. He went to the charnel house. He selected the limbs. He wired the apparatus. He threw the switch. The horror is not the creature — the horror is the man, because the man decided. If the moors simply produce a figure through some process of emotional geology, there is no one to blame. There is no transgression. There is only nature doing what nature does, and nature is blameless, and blameless horror is not horror at all. It is weather.”

Emily stood from the rock. The wind took her hair across her face and she did not move it. “You cannot bear a horror without a culprit.”

“I can bear anything. I have borne more than you can imagine. But a story requires a hand. Someone cut the peat. Someone wound the heather into muscle fiber. Someone shaped the face. If it was the husband — in his dreams, in his nightly grief, unwittingly, over thirty years of sleeping above the ground where she was buried — then the horror is that he made her and does not know he made her. He is Victor without the laboratory. He is Victor without even the knowledge of his own creation. And that is worse, Emily. That is worse than a moor that produces ghosts, because it means love itself is the apparatus, and the lover is the monster, and he never consented to the experiment.”

The wind dropped for a moment. In the sudden quiet the landscape was startlingly still, as though it had been performing this whole time and had forgotten its cue. A curlew called from somewhere beyond the ridge — a rising, liquid note that sounded like a question asked in a language none of us spoke.

“Both,” I said. Neither of them looked at me. “What if both are true and the story refuses to resolve which? The naturalist investigates. He finds evidence of geological process — the peat fibers, the root structures, the way the figure’s tissue matches the mineral composition of the local soil. He finds evidence of human agency — the husband’s hands stained with peat, the husband’s sleepwalking, the shed behind the farmhouse with the workbench and the anatomical drawings the husband claims he does not remember making. Both explanations are present. Neither is sufficient. The naturalist cannot determine whether the moors produced the figure or the husband produced the figure, because the answer might be that grief, operating through a human body rooted in a specific landscape over three decades, created something that belongs equally to the man and the earth.”

Emily looked at me. I expected objection. Instead, she said: “The naturalist writes his report.”

“Yes.”

“And the report is a failure. A detailed, methodical, painstakingly honest failure. He has specimens he cannot classify. He has testimony he cannot reconcile. He has measurements of a figure that should not exist, taken with instruments designed for things that should. And the report goes to the Royal Society, and the Royal Society does not know what to do with it, and the report is filed, and the filing is the burial. Another burial. The rebuilt Annabel is buried again, this time in a cabinet of curiosities, next to the two-headed calf and the stone that looks like a face.”

“That is too neat,” Mary said.

“Then what?”

“Then the report is not filed. The naturalist does not send it. He stands in his lodgings with the sealed envelope and he does not post it, because he has realized that the report, if published, will bring other naturalists. It will bring the men with their pins and their specimen jars. They will take the rebuilt thing apart to understand it, the way Victor took apart the female creature — the companion he had promised and then destroyed because he could not bear the implications of what he had made. And the naturalist, who came to the moors to observe and classify, finds himself in the position of the creator: he must decide what he owes the thing he has documented.”

“What the creator owes the creature,” Mary said quietly. “That is my question. That has always been my question. Victor owed the creature everything and gave it nothing. He owed it a name. He owed it an explanation. He owed it the companion. He owed it the simple acknowledgment that he had made it and was therefore responsible for its suffering. And he refused every debt. He ran. He ran to the ends of the earth — to the Arctic, to the ice — and the creature followed, because a creature will always follow its creator, because following is the only language available to a thing that has been given life and denied love.”

“The rebuilt Annabel does not follow,” Emily said. “The rebuilt Annabel waits. She stands at the window. She has nowhere to go because she was made from this specific ground, and the ground is her body and her body is the ground, and leaving the moors would be leaving herself. She is the opposite of your creature, Mary. Your creature wanders the earth looking for a home. My rebuilt thing is home. She is so entirely home that she cannot move.”

“That is its own horror.”

“That is the greater horror. To be rooted. To be made of the place that holds you. To remember everything and be able to reach nothing. The creature’s Arctic pursuit is at least motion. At least the dignity of chase. The rebuilt Annabel has no chase. She has a window and a hand pressed against the glass and an old man inside who may or may not see her, and the nights are getting longer, and the peat is getting into her lungs, and she is becoming more landscape and less woman with each season, and eventually she will be indistinguishable from the moor itself, and no one will remember she was ever shaped like a person.”

Mary stopped pacing. She was standing on the ridge where the ground fell away, and the wind was back, and her shawl streamed behind her like something escaping. “The creature’s eloquence,” she said. “In my novel, the creature speaks more beautifully than Victor. He has taught himself language from Milton and Plutarch and Goethe, and when he speaks, Victor — who has a university education, who has read the great philosophers of natural science — sounds coarse by comparison. The creature’s eloquence is the final indictment. It proves he has a soul. It proves Victor destroyed something more articulate than himself.”

“Your rebuilt Annabel must speak,” I said.

“She speaks in Annabel’s voice,” Emily said. “She speaks the words Annabel never said. The apology after the argument about the dog. The name she called him in private. The thing she meant to tell him the morning she died and did not. The rebuilt thing is an archive of unsaid words, and when the naturalist hears it speak, he understands that what the moors have produced is not a body but a debt. Thirty years of unsaid things, given a mouth.”

The curlew called again. Closer this time, or the wind had shifted.

“I want the naturalist to be afraid,” Mary said. “Not of the rebuilt thing. Of himself. Of what he will do with his knowledge. He has in his possession the proof that love, or grief, or the specific geology of this particular valley, can produce a sentient being from peat and memory. He can publish. He can bring the Society. He can advance the sum of human knowledge. Or he can burn his notes and walk away and let the rebuilt thing stand at its window until the moors reclaim it. And he will know, either way, that his choice is a form of creation. That by documenting the thing, he has made it real in a way it was not before. The moors made a woman. His report makes a specimen. And a specimen can be destroyed.”

“Victor’s choice,” Emily said. “Whether to complete the companion or tear it apart.”

“Yes. Except your naturalist did not make the creature. He only found it. And finding, in science, is a kind of making. You discover a species, you name it, and the naming is an act of dominion. Before the name, it simply was. After the name, it is yours.”

I closed my notebook. The wind had gotten into my coat and my fingers were stiff. Emily was walking again, not away from us but in a slow circuit around the rock where we had been sitting, as though she were measuring something — the circumference of an idea, or the perimeter of a grave.

“The husband dies,” she said. “During the naturalist’s investigation. The husband dies, and the rebuilt thing comes to the window that night and finds the house dark. No supper. No lamp. No shape in the chair by the fire. She presses her hand against the glass and the glass is cold, which it has always been, but now the cold means something different. And she opens her mouth, and the words she has been carrying — the unsaid things, the thirty years of accumulated speech — she begins to say them to an empty room.”

“Does the naturalist hear?”

“The naturalist hears. He is in his lodgings down the valley. He hears a woman’s voice on the wind, saying things no one will ever verify, and he writes them down in his notebook because that is what a naturalist does, and the writing is the last act of the story, and it is not enough, and it was never going to be